Herbal Medicine Journal

Pengaruh Perbedaan Ketinggian Tumbuh Daun Miana (Coleus scutellarioides) di Daerah Bali Terhadap Kadar Flavonoid Total

Dyah Ratna Ayu Puspita Sari — 2025-08-01

Miana (Coleus scutellarioides) contains flavonoids as its primary active components and is widely used in traditional medicine, particularly in Indonesia. In Bali, which is renowned for its traditional healing practices (Usada Bali), miana is commonly utilized as a herbal remedy. The leaves of miana possess various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antidiabetic, anthelmintic, and antipyretic effects. Geographical conditions, such as the altitude of the growing region, are among the factors that influence the flavonoid content in miana leaves. This study aimed to determine the total flavonoid content in miana leaves from three different altitudes in Bali: Bedugul (1273 masl), Klungkung (393 masl), and Sanur (11 masl). An experimental laboratory design was employed, using maceration with 96% ethanol as the extraction method. The total flavonoid content was quantified using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, with quercetin as the reference standard. The results showed that miana leaves from Klungkung exhibited the highest total flavonoid content (540.85 ± 7.97 mgQE/g), followed by Bedugul (488.68 ± 6.07 mgQE/g) and Sanur (368.53 ± 11.2 mgQE/g). Statistical analysis revealed that the total flavonoid content of miana leaves from Klungkung was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that from the other two regions. These findings indicate that the altitude of the growing region affects the total flavonoid content in miana leaves, with the highest levels observed at an intermediate altitude (393 masl).

Identifikasi Kandidat Target Obat Ulcerative Colitis (UC) Menggunakan Pendekatan Bioinformatika Menuju Precision Medicine

Rahman Sumani Sianu — 2025-08-01

Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammation of the lining of the digestive tract, primarily in the rectum and colon. Genetics is a factor in the occurrence of UC. This becomes a challenge in finding new drugs to treat the disease based on certain genes. So, the aim of this research is to identify candidate therapeutic targets in UC. We used the Genomic-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) catalog to collect data on gene variations associated with UC and then identified missense genes as target genes in this study using HaploReg v4.2. The final stage, to determine the pharmacological action of drugs on the target genes, we used Drugbank and the Drug-Gene Interaction database (DGIdb). Our analysis yielded 760 SNPs associated with UC disease. In the next stage, score classification was performed based on six functional annotations including Missense, cis-eQTL, Biological Process, Cellular Component, Molecular Function, and KEGG Molecular Pathway. Based on these annotation criteria, 16 genes with a score ≥2 were identified, namely PRKCQ, TLR4, IFIH1, CARD9, TYK2, CD6, NOD2, PLCG2, SMAD3, FCGR2A, IL-23R, SH2B3, IL-17REL, FUT2, GSDMB, and IL-7R. These genes became biomarkers and drug targets in this study. From the 16 genes, 83 drugs were obtained using the Drugbank and DGIdb databases. However, there are 4 drugs that can be proposed as candidates for the treatment of UC disease, namely tamoxifen (PRKCQ Inhibitor), cyclobenzaprine (TLR4 Inhibitor), benzoyl peroxide (PRKCQ Inhibitor), and pazopanib (SH2B3 Inhibitor). These drugs are candidates for UC therapy because they have not yet been tested either preclinically or clinically for the indication of ulcerative colitis. This genomic analysis significantly aids in identifying genes closely associated with UC and provides insights for defining important targets in new drug discovery. Therefore, further exploration and research related to these drugs are crucial, offering a promising path to advance UC treatment strategies.

Pemanfaatan Daun Sidr (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) untuk Menstimulasi Pertumbuhan Rambut: Studi Eksperimental pada Tikus Putih Jantan

Trie Yuni Elfasyari — 2025-08-01

Sidr leaves (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenolics, and alkaloids, that have the potential to stimaulate hair growth. However, scientific studies investigating the use of Sidr leaves as a hair growth-promoting agent remain limited. This study aims to scientifically evaluate the effectiveness of ethanol extract of sidr leaves (EEDS) on hair growth through an in vivo using male white rats (Rattus norvegicus). EEDS was applied topically in concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5%. Hair length was measured using a caliper every 5 days for 15 days. The weight of the hair was measured on day 15 by shaving the hair of each group of rats. The results showed that EEDS at a 5% concentration effectively promoted hair growth in rats. However, there is no significant relationship between hair length and hair weight of the rats

Evaluasi Penggunaan Obat Antituberkulosis di Puskesmas Simpur Bandar Lampung

Ulfa Mutia Karina Sinungan — 2025-08-01

Pulmonary tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Inappropriate use of antituberculosis drugs can cause failure to achieve therapeutic effectiveness, recurrence, and resistance to antituberculosis drugs. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis patients, describe the use of pulmonary antituberculosis drugs, and evaluate the use of pulmonary antituberculosis drugs at the Simpur Inpatient Health Center, Bandar Lampung City, in 2021. This type of research was a descriptive observational cross-sectional design. Data collection was carried out retrospectively. The sampling technique used total sampling, with a total of 64 samples. The research instrument used was the medical records of pulmonary tuberculosis patients from January to December 2021. The results obtained were 38 male pulmonary tuberculosis patients (59.38%), an age range of 17–44 years (adults) for 34 patients (53.13%), type of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in new cases for 60 patients (93.75%), sputum examination results for AFB+ in 38 patients (59.38%), and category I treatment for 60 patients (93.75%). Evaluation of the use of pulmonary antituberculosis drugs obtained the results of the excellent indication (100%) and the right patient (100%), the proper drug selection (100%), the correct dose (95.31%), and the right time of drug administration (98.44%).

Analisis Pola Penggunaan Obat Analgetik Pada Pasien Neurologis di RSUD Padang Panjang

Mhd Riza Marjoni — 2025-08-01

Neuropathic pain represents a complex clinical challenge and often requires long-term pharmacological therapy. The prescribing patterns of analgesic medications in managing neuropathic pain serve as important indicators for evaluating therapeutic effectiveness, rationality, and individualization. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of analgesic prescribing patterns among neurological outpatients at the Neurology Outpatient Clinic of RSUD Padang Panjang in 2025. A retrospective observational method was employed, involving 100 neurological patient prescriptions selected through purposive sampling. Data were extracted from prescription sheets and patient eligibility forms, then analyzed descriptively to assess prescription characteristics, combination patterns, and diagnostic distribution. The findings revealed that Eperison was the most frequently prescribed medication (71%), followed by sodium diclofenac (56%) and gabapentin (51%). Triple-drug therapy was the most common combination (35%), with sodium diclofenac–eperison–gabapentin being the predominant regimen (40% of triple combinations). The most common diagnosis was low back pain (31.42%), followed by arthrosis (8.57%). The prescribing pattern reflects a polypharmacy approach that integrates muscle relaxants, NSAIDs, and anticonvulsants. The dominance of combination therapies highlights the complex pathophysiology of neurological pain and underscores the need for evidence-based protocol standardization.

Evaluasi Tingkat Pengetahuan Masyarakat Mengenai Penggunaan Antibiotik Pre dan Post Penyuluhan di Desa Dolok Nagodang, Kecamatan Uluan, Kabupaten Toba

Parulian Dormaida Gultom — 2025-08-01

Inappropriate use of antibiotics in the society has been a major driver to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the world, specifically in low- and middle-income countries. Many studies have observed that the lack of community awareness and adequate knowledge about antibiotics may lead to their inappropriate use. This research aimed to describe a situation of the level of knowledge and understanding of community in Dolok Nagodang Village, Uluan District regarding the use of antibiotics pre and post health education. This study provided further insight into the proper and rational use of antibiotics, to reduce the occurrence of antibiotic resistance. This research utilized a quantitative descriptive method with a sample of 77 respondent sselected through purposive sampling. Data analysis in this research involved organizing data into tables (tabulation) to summarize frequencies and then calculating percentages to express those frequencies relative to the total. Scoring for each answer from the questionnaire is processed based on the Guttman Scale. The results revealed a significant increase in the percentage of individuals with a good understanding after health education was implemented. Pre-health education showed 45.45% with a good level of knowledge, while post-health education saw this increase to 93.50%. This indicates the effectiveness of health education in improving the community knowledge about antibiotics use.

Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Jengkol (Archidendron pauciflorum Benth.) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Dian Arisetya — 2025-08-01

Archidendron pociflorum benth is a nutritious plant that is used as a traditional medicine that is often used by society. Secondary metabolic compounds contained in archidendron pociflorum leaves are alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponin. The purpose of this research is to know the antibacterial activity of the extract of archidendron pociflorum leaf ethanol from the Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas areuginosa bacteria. Research conducted experimentally including the collection and processing of archidendron pociflorum leaves. The powder simplisia leaves archidendron pociflorum then be done characteristic and macerated using ethanol 96%. Further extracts of archidendron pociflorum leaf ethanol in the phytochemical screening and carried out test antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis and pseudomonas areuginosa bacteria use the diffusion method to make it with disc paper. Results characteristic simplisia of archidendron pociflorum leaves obtained water content of 8.1%, water soluble sari content of 9.49%, soluble pollen content of 7.61%, total ash content 3.80%, ash content of insoluble acid 14.67%. Scining extracts of archidendron pociflorum leaves and simplisia indicate the presence of alkaloid, tannins, saponin, flavonoids. The test results of antibacterial activity indicate that the leaf ethanol extract of the staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria with a concentration of 80%, 60%, 40%, 20% respectively had an obstacle zone of 13.6 mm, 12.3 mm, 11, 4mm and 9.7 mm. While in bacteria pseudomonas areuginosa with a concentration of 80%, 60%, 40%, 20% respectively has a inhibitory zone of 14.3 mm, 13.1 mm, 11.2 mm and 10.3 mm. Archidendron pociflorum leaf ethanol extract has been effective against antibacterial activity with a concentration of 80% against bacteria staphylococcus epidermidis and pseudomonas aureginosa.

Formulasi Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Kopi (Coffea arabica L.) dalam Sediaan Sabun Padat sebagai Pelembab Alami

Salmiah Wulan Dari — 2025-08-01

Coffee skin is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that are beneficial for skin health and softness. This study aims to determine the ethanol extract of coffee skin (Coffea arabica L.) formulated in solid soap preparations and effective concentrations of ethanol extract of coffee skin (Coffea arabica L.) concentrations of 2.5% (F1), 5% (F2), and 7.5% (F3) as a natural skin moisturizer in solid soap preparations. This study used an experimental method. Wet sorting, drying, characteristics of simplicia, phytochemical screening, maceration with 70% ethanol, making coffee skin extract with a concentration formulation of 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% as a blank is a solid soap preparation without the addition of coffee skin extract, examination of the coffee skin extract solid soap preparation, namely organoleptic test, soap pH measurement, homogeneity test, irritation test, and finally humidity test. The four solid soap formulas are homogeneous. pH 9.2-10.5. The results of increasing the humidity of solid soap preparations from 25 volunteers for 28 days from ethanol extract of coffee skin (C. arabica L.) with each concentration were F1 (24.87%), F2 (35.40%), F3 (61.61%), and blank (23.84%). Most preferred in F1. The results of the Post-Hoc Test Turkey HSD analysis after observation from week I to week IV showed a p value> 0.05 meaning there was no significant difference in each formulation in the humidity test. Coffee skin extract (C. arabica L.) can be formulated into solid soap preparations.

Analisis Karakteristik Organoleptik, pH, dan Total Bakteri pada Yoghurt Susu Sapi

Rahmiati Rahmiati — 2025-08-02

Yogurt is made from fermented milk with the help of lactic acid bacteria starter. Yogurt is known to contain nutrients and metabolites that are beneficial for health, such as protein, calcium, phosphorus, vitamins, lactic acid and bacteriocins. The quality of yogurt is influenced by various factors, such as incubation period (storage), substrate and starter. This study aims to analyze the organoleptic characteristics, pH value, and total bacterial colonies in cow's milk yogurt incubated for 24 hours. The type of research is descriptive quantitative with a pour plate method carried out in vitro in the laboratory. The study was carried out in 4 stages including sample preparation, making cow's milk yogurt, organoleptic testing and counting total bacteria using the TPC (total plate count) method. The results showed that the pH of the cow's milk yogurt formed after 24 hours was 4. With a characteristic sour taste, semi-solid texture and a distinctive aroma of lactic acid fermentation that is light, fresh, and not pungent. The average number of total bacterial colonies was 3.66 x 102 CFU. The test was continued by determining the hedonism scale for 15 panelists. As many as 80% said they liked it.

Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Krim Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kitolod (Isotoma longiflora)(L).C.Presl Terhadap Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Helen Anjelina Simanjuntak — 2025-08-02

Kitolod plants are used to treat various types of diseases, such as eye pain, wound healing, asthma, bronchitis, rheumatism and others. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity test of kitolod leaf ethanol extract cream (Isotoma longiflora) (L).C.Presl against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. This research stage includes determination, preparation of simplicia, extraction, phytochemical screening, cream formulation F0 (0%), F1 (4%), F2 (6%) F3 (8%), and antibacterial test. The results of the phytochemical screening showed that alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and steroids were obtained. The results of the antibacterial activity test of the formula against Staphylococcus epidermidis in sequence F0 (0%), F1 (4%), F2 (6%) and F3 (8%) were 11.315 mm; 15.205 mm; 18.843 mm; 23.698 mm. Meanwhile, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, the measurements were 6.04 mm, 8.19 mm, 12.46 mm, and 17.24 mm, respectively. In conclusion, all variations of the cream formula showed antibacterial activity in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. The cream formulation was more sensitive to Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria than Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria.

Formulasi dan Aktivitas Antibakteri Sediaan Sampo Ekstrak Getah Kemenyan (Styrax benzoin)

Nora Susanti — 2025-08-05

Dandruff is a common scalp disorder in Indonesia, often caused by an imbalance in bacterial and fungal populations such as Propionibacterium acnes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The use of synthetic active ingredients in shampoos may lead to irritation and microbial resistance, thus encouraging the development of natural alternatives. One promising natural ingredient is frankincense resin (Styrax benzoin), known for its bioactive compounds and antibacterial secondary metabolites. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effectiveness of frankincense resin extract formulated into anti-dandruff shampoo. The extract was obtained through maceration using ethanol and formulated into shampoos with varying concentrations: 1% (F1), 3% (F2), 5% (F3), and 7% (F4). Antibacterial activity was tested using the disc diffusion method against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Propionibacterium acnes. Shampoo evaluation included organoleptic properties, viscosity, and pH. The results showed that all formulas inhibited the growth of all test bacteria, with F4 exhibiting the largest inhibition zones against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23.63 mm), Staphylococcus epidermidis (15.10 mm), and Propionibacterium acnes (30.83 mm). All formulations also met the quality parameters for topical preparations. These findings suggest that frankincense resin extract has strong potential as a natural antibacterial agent in anti-dandruff shampoo formulations with effective antimicrobial activity and good formulation quality.

Isolasi dan Uji Aktivitas Enzim Superoksida Dismutase (SOD) dari Bakteri Endofita Daun Tanaman Sukun (Artocarpus altilis) dengan Metode Water Soluble Tetrazolium Salt-1 (Wst-1)

Chossy Fradine — 2025-08-05

Endophytic bacteria are bacteria that carry out symbiosis with host plants without causing disease without the host plant. Some endophytic bacteria found in plants are able to produce potential compounds as antioxidants by producing the enzyme SOD (Super Oxide Dismutase). This research aims to determine the results of endophytic bacterial fermentation from the leaves of the breadfruit plant (Artocarpus altilis). This research began with the identification of endophytic bacteria, then continued with the extraction of the SOD enzyme by adding PBS and centrifuging. Purification of the SOD enzyme was carried out using the ammonium sulfate precipitation method. Determination of total protein content using the Lowry method. SOD activity was measured by measuring the percent inhibition value using the Superoxide Dismutase Activity Assay Kit WST-1. The results of the research showed that the isolated bacteria had morphological characteristics in sequence from colony shape, color, size, elevation, edges, cell shape and Gram type for AL 4 bacteria Filamentous, white, medium, flat, Rhizoid, coccus, Gram +, citrate -, Catalase -, for IL11 bacteria Irregular, white, large, flat, entire, bacilli, and Gram +, citrate +, Catalase +. The extraction results from the crude extract produced a sediment weight of 2,915 g for AL4 and 1,653 g for IL11. The total protein content of the crude extract and 30% ammonium sulfate precipitation for isolate AL4 was 1.74 mg/mL and IL11 1.79 mg/ml. Then the percent inhibition value for isolate AL4 with a concentration of 20% was 64.02% and a concentration of 80% was 71.43%.

Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Bulbil Porang (Amophophallus muelleri Blume.) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Streptococcus mutans

Alfi Sapitri — 2025-08-05

The porang is a fruit produced by the porang plant which is brownish black in color, oval in shape like a stone and the size is approximately the size of small marbles to large marbles, growing between the stems of the porang plant. This study aimed to determine the activity of the ethanol extract of the porang frog (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) as an antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans bacteria and to determine the chemical compounds contained in the porang frog (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume). Porang frog simplicia powder was extracted in 96% ethanol by maceration. Simplicia powder is screened to determine its phytochemical content. The antibacterial activity test was carried out using the Kirby Bauer method using paper discs against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans bacteria to determine the zone of inhibition. The simplicia results showed that the simplicia frog porang had 6.08% water content, 29.11% water soluble extract, 9.70% ethanol soluble extract, 93.51% total ash content, insoluble ash content in ethanol. acid 91.96%. Simplicia said porang contains alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins.The ethanol extract of the porang frog (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans bacteria.

Tingkat Pengetahuan Konsumen di Apotek X Pabuaran Bojonggede, Kabupaten Bogor terhadap perilaku penggunaan Antibiotik

Amalia Khoirunnisa — 2025-08-07

Antibiotics are drugs used to treat or prevent bacterial infections. When used improperly, bacteria can adapt and develop resistance. Public awareness of appropriate antibiotic use plays a significant role in combating antibiotic resistance. To determine the relationship between antibiotic use behavior and the level of consumer knowledge at Jovita Pharmacy, Pabuaran, Bojonggede, Bogor Regency. This study employed a descriptive-analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 106 respondents who met the inclusion criteria were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test with a significance level of 0.05. Only 2.8% of respondents had good knowledge, and 33% demonstrated appropriate antibiotic use behavior. The Chi-Square test showed a significant correlation (p = 0.001) between knowledge and behavior in antibiotic use. There is a strong relationship between the level of knowledge and behavior in the use of antibiotics. Increased education and regulation are needed to promote rational use of antibiotics among the public.

Formulasi dan Uji Efek Sedatif Patch Transdermal Tipe Matriks Ekstrak Biji Pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt) dan Ekstrak Daun Selada (Lactuca sativa) Terhadap Mencit Jantan (Mus musculus L.)

Annisa Kartika Sari — 2025-08-07

Insomnia merupakan gangguan tidur atau kondisi tidur non-restoratif. Tanaman herbal Biji Pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt) dan Daun Selada (Lactuca sativa) terbukti memiliki efek hipnotik-sedatif. Kombinasi kedua tanaman herbal tersebut diformulasikan menjadi patch transdermal untuk memaksimalkan efektivitas terapi dan mengurangi efek samping. Proses ekstraksi menggunakan metode maserasi etanol 96% dan skrining fitokimia dilakukan pada ekstrak untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa metabolit sekunder didalamnya. Patch transdermal diformulasikan menggunakan pemilihan matriks dengan perbandingan konsentrasi HPMC:PVP 5:7 (F1), 6:6 (F2), and 7:5 (F3). Evaluasi patch yang dilakukan meliputi pengamatan organoleptik, ketebalan patch, pH, dan ketahanan lipat. Uji efek sedatif dilakukan dengan traction test terhadap mencit jantan (Mus muculus L.). Rendemen ekstrak daun selada yang mengandung flavonoid, tanin, dan saponin sebesar 56,8%, sedangkan pada ekstrak Biji Pala sebesar 28,03%. Formula dengan karakteristik optimal adalah F2 yang mempunyai ketebalan 0,19 mm, pH 4,8, dan daya tahan lipat lebih dari 200 kali. Formulasi dengan respon sedatif yang bekerja paling baik adalah F2 dan F3. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa F2 diklaim sebagai formula optimal dari efek sedatif untuk terapi insomnia.